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华西村,一个微型的“红色中国”

2013年3月22日

近日,华西村原党委书记吴仁宝逝世,华西村也重新成为焦点;今日吴仁宝追悼会举行,宣布一个神话般的时代划上句号。而吴氏家族是否将继续执掌该村未来?

https://p.dw.com/p/182aD
328 Meter hoher Wolkenkratzer in Huaxi, China Schlagworte Geografie, Architektur, Bauten, Gebäude, Reisen, Städte, Tourismus, Sehenswürdigkeit, Stadtansicht, Sehenswürdigkeiten, Hochhäuser, Touristenattraktion, Reiseziel, Bauwerk, Reise, Bauwerke, Stadt, Wolkenkratzer, Jiangsu, Reiseziele, Huaxi, Skyline, Hochhaus, Jiangyin
俯瞰华西村图像来源: picture alliance / Photoshot

(德国之声中文网)据“法新社”3月22日报道,被称为“天下第一村”的江苏省华西村原党委书记吴仁宝的追悼会极尽哀荣,村民们告别了这位在上周一因患癌症逝世、将他们带进“社会主义天堂”的人;吴仁宝的大幅照片挂在灵堂中央,被很多中国高层领导人送的花圈包围着。一架直升飞机盘旋在20辆豪华的送葬车上空,他躺在一个普通的木棺中,身上覆盖着鲜红的中国国旗,数百名哀悼者戴黑纱默哀。一位村民表示“他将永远活在我们心中。”

另中国官媒“新华网”大篇幅报道了这场追悼会,包括很多官员在内的近千人聚集在华西村民族宫大礼堂送其“最后一程”。江苏江阴市委书记蒋洪亮的发言代表官方定调:“悼念中国共产党优秀党员,当代农村干部杰出代表,社会主义新农村建设的探索者、开拓者和卓越的带头人,原江阴县委书记、华西村原党委书记吴仁宝同志,奋斗的一生,奉献的一生,光辉的一生”。新华网报道中也正面披露了现任华西村党委书记吴协恩为吴仁宝的第四个儿子,吴协恩是于2003年正式上任。实际上吴仁宝在退任十年间依然是华西村的灵魂人物。

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“吴仁宝以特殊的方式改造了华西村”

早在2006年,人民出版社曾出版《吴仁宝新传》;以吴仁宝为原型还有电视剧《华西村的故事》和电影《吴仁宝》。伴随这个名字的华西村的历史也渐渐被公众熟悉。华西建村于1961年,正值中国的大饥荒时代,成名于“学大寨时期”。吴仁宝偷偷兴办加工厂和企业等;这些小工厂也成为了中国乡镇企业的坯胎和萌芽,造就了后来的苏南经济发展模式。

People attend the funeral of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 21, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. Picture taken on March 21, 2013. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
吴仁宝的逝世是否预示一个神话时代的结束?图像来源: Reuters

财经作家吴晓波曾表示:“吴仁宝在高调学大寨的同时,却又干着另一些‘见不得人’的工作。早在1969年,他就抽调20人在村里偷偷办起了小五金厂;1978年,吴仁宝盘点过华西村的家底,共有固定资产100万元,银行存款100万元,另外还存有三年的口粮,这在全国的数千乡村中可谓富甲一时。吴仁宝用一种很特殊的方式改造着他的家乡。”

1980年中国渐趋开放,吴仁宝逆向而行,坚持集体经济,华西村原有的工业促成了该村在这轮的经济发展中,获得了巨大收益,华西村在1989年初获得“江阴第一亿元村”称号,进入上世纪90年代,邓小平南巡之后,华西村经济再一飞冲天,至2010年,华西全村总资产超160亿元,下属企业60多家,总产值超过500亿。华西村也早已变成一家颇具实力的股份有限公司,而持股者是每个村民。

这里逐渐地修建起华西村金塔、高达328米的五星级豪华的龙希大酒店和镇店的金牛,另外还“克隆”美国国会、悉尼歌剧院、故宫、天安门等建筑。近些年从各地蜂拥而至的人群到华西村旅游,取经。《中国青年报》曾发表文章,指华西村整齐划一的别墅和配发的同一型号的轿车,常常让人走错门,认错车。而村中雷打不动的保留节目是吴仁宝给游客的演讲,每天至少一次,游客多时一天2到3次。演讲内容、语速、语调丝毫不差。《南方都市报》在2011年的进村采访中,也指吴仁宝的身上还遗留着毛泽东时代的诸多特征,喜欢标语和庆典仪式。

“华西村模式不可能复制”

吴仁宝去世后,中国主流媒体大幅描绘其传奇人生和在打造华西村过程中的共同富裕理念,但亦有少数媒体指出,对于华西村来说,也许并不如表面上那么光鲜,数字上很丰厚而实难兑现的股权、 复杂的产权关系、村民自治等,这些问题在没有了“吴仁宝”的时代将逐渐显露。

A staff polishes a gold ox statue using a ton of pure gold in Longxi International Hotel in Huaxi Village, Jiangyin, east Chinas Jiangsu Province, 6 October 2011. Huaxi village in east Chinas Jiangsu Province grabbed attention after completing a 328-meter high building that houses a statue of an ox made from a ton of gold. The village which has been dubbed as Chinas richest village spent more than 3 billion yuan (about 0.46 billion U.S. dollars) to build the 74-story building. The building opened as a hotel, named Longxi International Hotel, on October 8th to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the villages founding. Photo Yang Kejia
华西村标识物之一的龙希酒店内的金牛图像来源: picture alliance/dpa

网友“柳絮才高”表示:“光环下的华西村就是一个监狱,试想我们谁没在监狱里面呢?”;另一位网友“Tinajames88”表示:“华西村怎么看都像当年的人民公社,只不过现在的华西村分享了现代高科技成果和国家一部分人先富起来的政策的好处,吴仁宝的这种搞法是传统社会主义,封建社会,资本主义的大杂烩。华西村模式和重庆模式一样,不能复制。”

河南高校教师“王思想”在其博客上发表博文《吴仁宝之死能否拯救华西村》,文章称对于华西村,他本人始终持否定态度。他认为华西村是当代中国的一个缩影,在这里金钱成为衡量成功的唯一标准;而该赚钱途径奉行“猫论”:即不管黑猫白猫,抓着老鼠即为好猫,无谓知识产权、道德标准、资源的有序开发等;在财富分配上也是靠统一支配和上头赏赐,王思想在此引用了美国一个政治学者的表态“能给你一切的政府,更有可能抢走你的一切”;王思想还表示在华西村任何一个质疑吴氏家庭的村民都会受到打压,而村中的权力也由这个家族掌握和传递,目前吴氏家庭有22人掌控这里的巨大财富。

“华西村是党组织和乡村政权结合的产物”

中国知名历史学者章立凡在接受德国之声采访时,回顾在中国近年的历史上,不同的时期都有着类似“吴仁宝”式的地方宗族势力,只不过吴仁宝是在特殊的中共体制下修炼而成:“这种人肯定是‘能人’,但是和原来中国历史上的地方豪强不同,他是这个体制生出来的新一代,因为过去的那种地方绅士已经没有了,被中共消灭了。这类的人物肯定在地方上有很大势力,他们会两头通吃,他们与官方也有勾兑;他们也有为官方做事的一面,成长为地方的宗族势力。1949年后社会细胞被置换成‘党细胞’,他也是党细胞的一种,只不过发展的比较大,自成系统了。”
章立凡认为华西村相对来说是一个独立王国,但又从未摆脱中国专权的影子:“是带有毛左思想特征,呈割据状态,变成国中之国,但又是党组织和乡村政权的结合”;他也认为尽管有村民对华西村村民自治、分配制度等出现不满,但吴仁宝的离世,并不意味着一种专权的结束,华西村短期内不可能实现民主:“就象朝鲜金家王朝一样,朝鲜人民不接受也得接受,就是父传子这一套,尽管大家都赞成一人一票,但在华西村家庭主义的情况下,有宗族势力介入选举,另外可以买票,这些问题在中国最基层层面,要走向民主还有很远的路。”

吴仁宝逝世后,“新京报”采访长期担任吴仁宝秘书的吴海燕,他否认华西村是家族式管理。据悉目前除吴仁宝的四子吴协恩任该村党委书记,他的大儿子吴协东、二儿子吴协德是副书记,三儿子吴协平是党委常委;吴协东的大女儿吴芳,目前是江阴市市委常委、副市长。吴协德的儿子吴昊,是华西村党委常委,儿媳周丽,是村委会常务主任、副书记。吴仁宝唯一的女儿吴凤英、女婿缪洪达是党委常委。吴凤英的女儿缪华,是党委副书记,女婿吕苏君,是党委副书记,负责海运、海洋工程。儿子缪连华是党委委员。

作者:吴雨
责编:苗子

FILE - This Aug. 12, 2009 photo shows a young girl observing the general view of Huaxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Huaxi, though an extreme example, is emblematic of China 60 years after the Communist Party came to power on Oct. 1, 1949. After decades of denouncing free markets and then embracing them, the country is a distinctive patchwork of capitalism with communist characteristics, all anchored by a strong dose of practicality. (ddp images/AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko) ** zu unserem Korr **
整齐划一的村庄,未来是否会走向民主之路?图像来源: AP

附:更多华西村图片

**ADVANCE FOR MONDAY, SEPT. 28** This Aug. 12, 2009 photo shows Wu Renbao, former party secretary, speaking about village development in Huaxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Huaxi, though an extreme example, is emblematic of China 60 years after the Communist Party came to power on Oct. 1, 1949. After decades of denouncing free markets and then embracing them, the country is a distinctive patchwork of capitalism with communist characteristics, all anchored by a strong dose of practicality. (ddp images/AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko)
吴仁宝退任后依然是华西村的灵魂人物图像来源: AP
A vehicle carries the coffin of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, during his funeral in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 22, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
吴仁宝的豪华灵车图像来源: Reuters
HUAXI VILLAGE, Nov. 28, 2012 (Xinhua) -- Photo taken on Nov. 28, 2012 shows an overview of the newly built Huaxi Village Museum in Jiangyin City, east China's Jiangsu Province. The Huaxi Village Museum, which opened to the public on Wednesday, duplicates the buildings of the Forbidden city in Beijing and displays more than 10,000 artworks including paintings, carvings, jade, porcelain etc.. (Xinhua/Sun Can) (zn) XINHUA /LANDOV
村民悼念吴仁宝图像来源: Reuters
A woman reacts during the funeral of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 22, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
参加悼念者包括官员在内有近千人图像来源: Reuters
View of the Huaxi Village Museum, a partial replica of the Forbidden City in Beijing, next to other cloned constructions in Huaxi village, Jiangyin city, east Chinas Jiangsu province, 29 November 2012. Huaxi Village, the richest village in China, opened its own village-level museum on Wednesday (28 November 2012). The museum, a partial replica of the Forbidden City in Beijing, comprises of a full-scale angle tower, several full-scale halls and gates. It is located at the foot of the mountain together with other cloned constructions, such as the Great Wall, the Tiananmen and the US Capitol.
华西村博物馆1比1复制故宫古建筑图像来源: picture alliance/landov
A traveler enjoys in a presidential suite in Longxi International Hotel in Jiangyin, east Chinas Jiangsu province, 6 October 2011. Huaxi village in east Chinas Jiangsu Province grabbed attention after completing a 328-meter high building that houses a statue of an ox made from a ton of gold. The village which has been dubbed as Chinas richest village spent more than 3 billion yuan (about 0.46 billion U.S. dollars) to build the 74-story building. The building opened as a hotel, named Longxi International Hotel, on October 8th to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the villages founding. Photo Yang Kejia
龙希大酒店以黄金作为内饰图像来源: picture alliance/dpa