Reform Treaty
June 23, 2007
To some it is another step on the slippery slope towards a European superstate, to others it is a watered-down compromise designed to assuage Polish and British misgivings.
The main points of the package, the details of which are still to be thrashed out by an intergovernmental conference, are clear:
Treaty, not constitution
The "reform treaty" will amend the EU's existing treaty building blocks (Rome 1957, Maastricht 1992) as the treaties of Amsterdam (1996) and Nice (2000) did.
The constitutional project, scuppered by 'no' votes at French and Dutch elections would have replaced all of them.
Therefore the new text will be much shorter than the weighty 480-page constitution but just as incomprehensible to the layman.
It will steer clear of such controversial terms as "federal state," and "constitution" itself, as well as EU symbols such as the flag, anthem and motto "Strength in Diversity," although, as German Chancellor Angela Merkel said, "despite that I suspect the European anthem will be played and the European flag will fly. They just won't be mentioned in this treaty."
The existing EU charter of fundamental rights (54 articles on political and social rights in Europe) will be referred to in the treaty, rather than be reprised in full. It will not be binding on Britain, which had made it one of its "red lines" for agreeing the deal.
Voting system
The treaty guidelines includes the constitution's plan for a "qualified majority voting" system, also called a double majority system, whereby decisions need the support of 55 percent member states representing 65 percent of the EU's population.
To overcome Poland's objection that the system would penalise it to the advantage of large states such as Germany, a compromise deal was hastily cobbled together under which the new system will not come into use until 2014 and will then by gradually phased in until 2017.
After that date if there are not enough states to form a blocking majority, but almost enough, then the measure can be re-examined.
Scope of double majority voting
The scope of decisions to be taken by the double majority voting system is extended to 40 new areas, mainly in the police and judicial fields. However Britain will be allowed an opt-in exemption on criminal matters and police cooperation. National vetoes will still be available for foreign policy, fiscal matters, and social policy among other areas.
Institutional changes
A new post of President of the European Council (which comprises all EU national leaders) will be created. The president will be elected to a two-and-a-half-year term in place of the current system whereby the EU presidency rotates between member states every six months. The president will organize and chair summits.
The envisaged creation of an EU foreign minister post has morphed into an EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who will have the same powers to lead the EU's external affairs and will be a vice-president of the European Commission, the EU's executive arm.
The current practice of each member states getting a place on the European Commission, the EU's executive arm will end in 2014. After that the number of commissioners will be equal to two-thirds of the member states. The countries represented will changed by rotation.
Reinforcement of national parliaments
The Dutch obtained a reinforcement of the powers of national parliaments which may demand, if a certain threshold is reached, that the European Commission re-examine a draft act which they judge it to impinge on their national competences.
Additions
Various provisions have been bolted on, including a reference to solidarity in the event of an energy supply problem, a point much sought by Lithuania and Poland, concerned at their own high dependence on Russian hydrocarbons. At the Netherlands' insistence, a reference to criteria for new EU members was added.